Best Practices for Designing and Grading Exams
Creating high quality educational assessments requires both art and science: the art of creatively engaging students in assessments that they view as fair and meaningful, and that produce relevant data about student achievement; and the science of assessment design, item writing, and grading procedures (Worthen, Borg, & White, 1993). This Occasional Paper provides an overview of the science of developing valid and reliable exams, especially multiple-choice and essay items. Additionally, the paper describes key issues related to grading: holistic and trait-analytic rubrics, and normative and criterion grading systems.
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